Part 4: The Cholinergic Toxidrome

Upon completion of this section, you should be able to

• identify how the clinical presentation in pediatric cases of the cholinergic toxidrome differs from that in adults.

Pediatric cases may present with clinical findings that are different than in adults. Examples include:

• Bradycardia, fasciculations, lacrimation, and sweating are less common. (Sofer, Tal et al. 1989)
• Common presenting signs are lethargy, coma, seizures, flaccid muscle weakness, miosis (pupillary constriction), tachycardia, and excessive salivation. (Sofer, Tal et al. 1989; Tareg et al. 2001)
• The predominant effects may be nicotinic instead of muscarinic, manifesting mainly as neuromuscular weakness (Tareg et al. 2001) and CNS effects. (Erdman 2004)
• While generalized seizures are not typical in adults except in severe nerve agent poisoning or massive doses of other organophosphorus compounds, they are common in pediatric patients. (Tareg et al. 2001)

Note: Neuromuscular weakness is easy to overlook in a small child — who may appear very quiet and still — unless muscle tone is specifically assessed. (Tareg et al. 2001)

The frequency of pediatric signs and symptoms in cholinesterase poisoning is shown in the Figure 9 below. (Sofer, Tal et al. 1989)

Figure 9. Pediatric signs and symptoms. Data from: Sofer S, Tal A, Shahak E. Carbamate and organophosphate poisoning in early childhood. Pediatric Emergency Care. 1989; 5:222-225.

• Pediatric presentation of the cholinergic toxidrome from cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity tends to be different than in adults.